Science · Soils
Subsoil
Material below topsoil with variable texture, chemistry and physical condition.
Soil horizon position
Profile
- Position
- Depth designation, not a texture
- Organic matter
- Usually lower than surface horizons
- Chemistry
- May contain salts, carbonates or acidity
- Roots
- Structure and density determine accessibility
Water & soil targets
- Moisture (VWC)
- Site-calibrated; measure field capacity and dry-down
- Salinity tolerance
- Not determined by this label; measure EC and relevant ions
- Drought tolerance
- Depends on usable storage, rooting depth and vegetation
Measure retention, infiltration and layer depths in place. Texture or construction labels do not define a universal irrigation threshold.
Problems to watch
- Compaction
- Chemical root restriction
- Low aeration
Stress signs
- Abrupt root termination
- Pale exposed material
- Persistent saturation
Where you'll find it
- Excavation assessment
- Deep-root-zone planning
More soils
All Science profilesGeneral agronomic guidance and typical ranges; actual targets vary by site, soil, climate and season.