Wine grapes
Root-zone feedback supports deficit irrigation and fruit-quality decisions; buried hardware suits vine rows.
- Water:
- About 1–2.5 acre-feet per acre per year under typical deficit irrigation
- Yield:
- Roughly 2–8 tons per acre; premium sites deliberately crop lower
- Fire risk:
- Moderate — Irrigated rows can slow fire, but nearby wildfire smoke can taint fruit and hillside blocks face direct exposure.



